¡Hermoso Otoño!

Dead Ñirre tree surrounded by young Ñirres in Torres del Paine National Park. This is a classic forest scene where even light works best. In this case I had to wait quite awhile for a cloud to cast enough shade to soften the scene which appeared harsh and confusing in brighter light. 1/8 sec at ƒ18, ISO 320, 58mm (24-105mm lens) on a tripod. — Dead Ñirre tree surrounded by young Ñirres in Torres del Paine National Park. This is a classic forest scene where even light works best. In this case I had to wait quite awhile for a cloud to cast enough shade to soften the scene which appeared harsh and confusing in brighter light. **Exposure:** 1/8 sec., ƒ/18, ISO 320, 58mm (24-105mm lens) on a tripod.

When you are lucky enough to live in a beautiful place—as I am, in Colorado's Rockies and Chile's Patagonia—you are often asked, "What's your favorite season?" My answer is always the same: autumn. Autumn is the photographer's season, not just a season of great natural beauty, but a season of constant change. Day by day, colors deepen, winter crowds closer, the leftover summer light seems ever more precious, the cooling weather wakes you up. The spinning seasons spin faster in autumn than any other moment of the year, an invitation and a warning to photographers not to waste a single day, or a single frame.

At home in the Rockies, September is always set aside for photography. Autumn captures me completely—no new projects, no new travel plans—just photography, wrestling with the magic of aspen forests under snowy peaks. So naturally, over a decade ago, when I began to visit Patagonia, I couldn't wait to see the far south of South America in autumn, a different autumn on the calendar, and a different palette of autumn colors in the native beech forests of the Andes.

Cerro Castillo (or Castle Mountain) with its needle sharp skyline is one of the most dramatic peaks in southern Chile. The beech forest in the foreground is at its peak color. The brighter sun on the foreground trees contrasts nicely with the more even light on the peak. Exposure: 1/400 sec at ƒ22, ISO 500, 220mm (100-400mm lens), hand held because there was plenty of light. — Cerro Castillo (or Castle Mountain) with its needle sharp skyline is one of the most dramatic peaks in southern Chile. The beech forest in the foreground is at its peak color. The brighter sun on the foreground trees contrasts nicely with the more even light on the peak. **Exposure:** 1/400 sec., ƒ/22, ISO 500, 220mm (100-400mm lens), hand held.

In the Southern Hemisphere, April is high autumn, and I looked forward to enjoying two seasons a year of autumn photography, both in the north and the south. I wasn't disappointed, but there was a learning curve, too. For a photographer, autumn in the Andes is both familiar and a bit strange. I used all my familiar strategies and approaches to autumn landscape photography, but I needed to figure out a few new angles. Here, then, in no special order, are some of the lessons I've learned and have tried to share with workshop students who joined me to explore Patagonia in autumn.

The Forest For The Trees

Almost by definition, autumn photography is all about forests, trees, and leaves. That's where the action, and the color, is. But color depends on light. In Colorado, I often seek out backlit aspen trees. Light from behind, pouring through semitransparent aspen leaves, can produce a lovely glow, almost a stained-glass feel. But in Patagonia, I discovered that the native beech forests, ñirre and lenga trees—the ones that turn a full spectrum of colors from bright yellow orange to deep almost purple reds—don't lend themselves to backlit photography. Their leaves are more densely opaque, and much smaller than our Northern Hemisphere aspens and maples.

Lenga forest in front of twin peaks called Los Colmillos (The Fangs) in central Chilean Patagonia. This scene was shot in direct but somewhat hazy sunlight, but because this is an overall landscape and the camera is not within the forest itself, the sun did not create the problem of distracting shadows. Exposure:1/3 sec., ƒ/22, ISO 100, 180mm (100-400mm lens) on a tripod. — Lenga forest in front of twin peaks called Los Colmillos (The Fangs) in central Chilean Patagonia. This scene was shot in direct but somewhat hazy sunlight, but because this is an overall landscape and the camera is not within the forest itself, the sun did not create the problem of distracting shadows. **Exposure:** 1/3 sec., ƒ/22, ISO 100, 180mm (100-400mm lens) on a tripod.

That's where the color is, so I learned to wait for fast-moving Patagonian clouds to cast their shadows over the forest, and give me soft, uniform lighting. This kind of soft, low-contrast lighting is ideal for almost any kind of forest photography. Whether you are shooting in autumn or in midsummer, patches of bright light mixed with deep shadows in a forest scene produce a confusing "speckled" effect, making it hard, and sometimes impossible, to isolate a subject, or pull a strong composition out of the natural chaos of branches, trunks and leaves that characterize most forest scenes. This is particularly important for intimate scenes, scenes within a forest. That said, bright direct lighting is often just what you need for larger scenics, with distant features, like peaks or rivers, in addition to autumn's colorful trees.

Ñirre trees in front of the Perito Moreno Glacier, one of the signal attractions of the Glacier National Park (Parque Nacional los Glaciares) in Argentine Patagonia, and one of the few glaciers in the world that is advancing, not retreating. The wall of ice at the glacier’s end is 200 to 300 feet tall. Here, an overnight snowfall is beginning to melt but the overcast cloudy sky provides soft even lighting with no contrast problems. I stopped down just enough to hold detail in both the trees and the ice. 1/160 at ƒ11, ISO 640, 28mm (28-135 mm lens), hand held. — Ñirre trees in front of the Perito Moreno Glacier, one of the signal attractions of the Glacier National Park (Parque Nacional los Glaciares) in Argentine Patagonia, and one of the few glaciers in the world that is advancing, not retreating. The wall of ice at the glacier’s end is 200 to 300 feet tall. Here, an overnight snowfall is beginning to melt but the overcast cloudy sky provides soft even lighting with no contrast problems. I stopped down just enough to hold detail in both the trees and the ice. **Exposure:** 1/160 sec., ƒ/11, ISO 640, 28mm (28-135 mm lens), hand held.

Be Prepared—Bring An Umbrella

A lot of my favorite autumn photos were made in the rain. Not only do rainy skies cast a uniform soft light over the forest, but wet leaves have a particular glow. In earlier film days, and now even more so with modern digital cameras, rainy exposures tend to produce richly saturated colors. So my rule of thumb is simple: When the weather turns bad, keep shooting! And in such cases, a helpful companion to hold an umbrella over your camera and tripod makes all the difference. In bad-weather scenarios, today's best digital cameras, with their low-noise characteristics at high ISO ratings, are a terrific advantage. And strange things happen when the weather turns bad. Black stormy skies or the first snow falling through colored leaves can add a lot of mystery to an otherwise "normal" autumn scene.

Red beech leaves and Barba de viejo (or old man’s beard) moss. Shot during a light rain which really brought out the richness of the red leaves. In Patagonia, there are two different species of southern beech trees, Lenga and Ñirre. The Lenga trees are larger and more massive, but when seen close up the small leaves of both trees are very similar. Barba de viejo is a kind of Spanish moss that’s found everywhere in the southern beech forests. 1/6 sec, ƒ16, ISO 200, 47mm (28-135mm lens) on a tripod set up inside the open door of our van to get out of the rain. — Red beech leaves and Barba de viejo (or old man’s beard) moss. Shot during a light rain which really brought out the richness of the red leaves. In Patagonia, there are two different species of southern beech trees, Lenga and Ñirre. The Lenga trees are larger and more massive, but when seen close up the small leaves of both trees are very similar. Barba de viejo is a kind of Spanish moss that’s found everywhere in the southern beech forests. **Exposure:** 1/6 sec., ƒ/16, ISO 200, 47mm (28-135mm lens) on a tripod.

Late Light Vs. Late, Late Light

Landscape photographers grow up with the myth of the "golden hour," very early or very late light that warms a scene like a blessing from the gods. And we often avoid shooting at midday, under harsh bright noon light that makes almost everything look banal. Often such golden hours are more reality than myth, but over the course of several Patagonian autumns I became addicted to very late, late light, the strange and mysterious light that suffuses Patagonian forests long after the sun has set. Mountaineers have always called this post-sunset light "alpenglow," and it is certainly a photographer's friend.

This Ñirre forest reflected in a still pond (called a mallín) in Chilean Patagonia was shot in the alpenglow about twenty minutes after sunset when the colors briefly become luminous from reflected sunset light. 2.5 sec at ƒ/22, ISO 100, 105mm (24-105mm lens) on a tripod. — This Ñirre forest reflected in a still pond (called a mallín) in Chilean Patagonia was shot in the alpenglow about twenty minutes after sunset when the colors briefly become luminous from reflected sunset light. **Exposure:** 2.5 sec., ƒ/22, ISO 100, 105mm (24-105mm lens) on a tripod.

In many mountain ranges, alpenglow occurs when the last light in the western sky is reflected off high peaks. In the steep mountain valleys of the Patagonian Andes, even after the sun has disappeared in the west, the very last light is often reflected from a high ridge and back down into the forest. Such light is simply magical, though it is anything but bright. Obviously, in these post-sunset moments, a tripod is de rigueur. And that brings up an interesting experience that I suspect is not unique.

This fairy-tale scene in a Chilean Lenga forest only appeared in the thirty minutes of enchanted light that occurs in certain Patagonian forests right after the sun sets. The alpenglow light is bounced off of a higher mountain still being lit by the last sunlight, which is acting like a giant golden reflector. Exposure: 1 sec at ƒ22, ISO 100, 76mm (70-300mm lens) on a tripod. — This fairy-tale scene in a Chilean Lenga forest only appeared in the thirty minutes of enchanted light that occurs in certain Patagonian forests right after the sun sets. The alpenglow light is bounced off of a higher mountain still being lit by the last sunlight, which is acting like a giant golden reflector. **Exposure:** 1 sec., ƒ/22, ISO 100, 76mm (70-300mm lens) on a tripod.

As I embraced digital photography and as my cameras, both Canons and Nikons, became more and more sophisticated, with the possibility of using high ISO settings to handhold shots in low-light conditions, I felt a great sense of liberation—liberation among other things from the discipline and tyranny of a tripod. For so many years, serious landscape photography had been synonymous with the use of a tripod. For a while I forgot how important, how essential a tripod could be. And, then, of course, I had to rediscover that often a tripod is a photographer's most important tool. When you need one, nothing else will work. That's certainly the case when you find yourself shooting in the dim, but softly glowing light long after the sun has set, and, also, of course, for those long exposures of streams, rivers, and waterfalls that can create a poetic sense of movement in a landscape photo.

Composition, Composition, Composition

What more can I add to this discussion of my personal approach to deep autumn photography, whether in the Rockies, New England, or Patagonia? Maybe only a few reflections on composing your best shot. Photographers spend a lot of time talking and thinking about composition, about the arrangement of different elements in the photographic frame. They have to. Strong composition makes all the difference between an eloquent image and the random capture of elements from life's ever-present visual confusion.

Moss covered Lenga trunks make a screen in front of a multi-hued beech forest. Here I avoided showing the ground at the base of the foreground trees, or the sky above, in order to create a more abstract pattern-like composition, about rhythm and repetition. 1/40 sec at ƒ11, ISO 640, 75mm (28-135mm lens) on a tripod. — Moss covered Lenga trunks make a screen in front of a multi-hued beech forest. Here I avoided showing the ground at the base of the foreground trees, or the sky above, in order to create a more abstract pattern-like composition, about rhythm and repetition. **Exposure:** 1/40 sec., ƒ/11, ISO 640, 75mm (28-135mm lens) on a tripod.

What exactly makes a strong composition? And in this case, how can we pull a strong, definitive composition out of a tangle of thousands of brightly colored autumn leaves? Generally, the search for a strong composition leads one to eliminate all the nonessential elements from the photo, and then arrange what's left into a satisfying harmony between balance and tension. Sounds good—but in a dense forest?

Although not shot in Patagonia, but just to the north, in the Conguillio National Park, this is a classic autumn forest scene from southern Chile. The tall trees are Araucaria that grow up to 130 feet tall, and are sometimes called living fossils because this species evolved in the age of dinosaurs. The Araucaria are surrounded by Roble (oak) and Raulí (another southern hemisphere beech tree). 2 sec at ƒ22, ISO 400, 135mm (28-135mm lens) on a tripod. — Although not shot in Patagonia, but just to the north, in the Conguillio National Park, this is a classic autumn forest scene from southern Chile. The tall trees are Araucaria that grow up to 130 feet tall, and are sometimes called living fossils because this species evolved in the age of dinosaurs. The Araucaria are surrounded by Roble (oak) and Raulí (another southern hemisphere beech tree). **Exposure:** 2 sec., ƒ/22, ISO 400, 135mm (28-135mm lens) on a tripod.

The answer, it seems to me, is either to zoom in, to come closer to one particular part of the autumn scene, to one tree or one burst of color. Or, conversely, to back off, to zoom out to place the autumn hues that we so admire into the context of a larger landscape composition. In other words, to get specific. Don't be tempted to just "include it all," but take a moment to ask yourself: What is this particular photo going to be about? Not autumn, in general, but this one specific, unique, never-to-be-repeated aspect of autumn. When you have an answer to this question, then you have your photo. And, ultimately, in capturing autumn's specifics, you capture autumn.

Linde Waidhofer started exploring the West with her cameras over 30 years ago, producing nine photo books celebrating wild landscapes. Recently she has fallen in love with Patagonia, the southernmost tip of South America, where she currently spends half of each year, and photographs for a number of conservation and national parks projects. You can see more images on Linde's website, www.WesternEye.com.